EU ETS. The contribution of the sectors covered by the existing EU Emission trading System (EU ETS) with respect to the EU Climate ambition should be of -62% compared to 2005 (increasing the linear emissions reduction factor from 2.2% per year up to 4.4%), by 2030
Keywords: Carbon credits, oil refineries, steel works, and production
ETS2. Contribution of the buildings and road transport sectors of 43% emission reductions by 2030 compared to 2005 and of the additional sectors, a combined cost-efficient contribution of 42% emission reductions by 2030 compared to 2005
ESR. Increased national targets in line with an EU-wide reduction of 40% in the ESR sectors compared to 2005. Member States contribute to the overall EU reduction in 2030 with targets ranging from -10% to -50% below 2005 level (sectors: transport, buildings, agriculture and waste)
Keywords: Effort Sharing Regulation, domestic transport, buildings, agriculture, small industry and waste.
Achieve an EU net greenhouse gas removal of 310 million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year for the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, by 2030, and Member State-specific targets for 2030 summing up to -42 MtCO2e increase in LULUCF sink between 2016-2018 and 2030.
Keywords: land use, land use change, forestry, carbon sink, capture
Member States shall collectively ensure that the share of energy from renewable sources in the Union’s gross final consumption of energy in 2030 is at least 42.5%
The amount of renewable fuels and renewable electricity supplied to the transport sector leads to a: (i) share of renewable energy within the final consumption of energy in the transport sector of at least 29% by 2030; or (ii) GHG intensity reduction of at least 14.5% by 2030, compared to the baseline set out in Article 27(1), in accordance with an indicative trajectory set by the Member State
By 2022, achieve 18% of the total increase in the share of energy from renewable sources between that Member State's binding 2020 national target, and its contribution to the 2030 target of the share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy. Achieve 43% by 2025, 65% by 2027.
Member States shall endeavour to increase the share of renewable sources in the amount of energy sources used for final energy and non-energy purposes in the industry sector by an indicative increase of at least 1.6 percentage points as an annual average calculated for the periods 2021 to 2025 and 2026 to 2030 [Indicative target]
Member States shall set an indicative target for innovative renewable energy technology of at least 5% of newly installed renewable energy capacity by 2030
Each Member State shall increase the share of renewable energy in the heating and cooling sector by at least 0.8 percentage points as an annual average calculated for the period 2021 to 2025 and by at least 1.1 percentage points as an annual average calculated for the period 2026 to 2030, starting from the share of renewable energy in the sector in 2020
Member States shall ensure that the total final energy consumption of all public bodies combined is reduced by at least 1.9% each year, when compared to 2021
Member States are required to achieve cumulative end-use energy savings from 2021 to 2030, equivalent to new annual savings of at least 0.8% of final energy consumption in 2021-2023, at least 1.3% in 2024-2025, 1.5% in 2026-2027 and 1.9% in 2028-2030
Each Member State shall ensure that at least 3% of the total floor area of heated and/or cooled buildings (of buildings which have a total useful floor area of over 250 m2 and are not nearly-zero energy buildings) that are owned by public bodies is renovated each year to be transformed into at least nearly zero-energy buildings or zero-emission buildings in accordance with Article 9 of Directive 2010/31/EU
Member States shall ensure that the average primary energy use of the entire residential building stock decreases by at least 16% compared to 2020 by 2030; and by at least 20-22% compared to 2020 by 2035
Member states will have to renovate 16% of worst-performing non-residential buildings by 2030 and, by 2033, the worst-performing 26% through minimum energy performance requirements
The national measures will have to ensure that at least 55% of the decrease of the average primary energy use is achieved through the renovation of the worst-performing buildings
Indicative target of at least a 49% share of energy from renewable sources in the building sector in the Union’s final energy consumption in buildings in 2030
By 31 December 2025, each Member State shall agree to establish a framework for cooperation on joint projects with one or more other Member States for the production of renewable energy, subject to the following: by 31 December 2030, Member States shall endeavour to agree on establishing at least two joint projects; by 31 December 2033, Member States with an annual electricity consumption of more than 100 TWh shall endeavour to agree on establishing a third joint project
Member States shall ensure that the contribution of renewable fuels of non-biological origin used for final energy and non-energy purposes shall be at least 42% of the hydrogen used for final energy and non-energy purposes in industry by 2030, and 60% by 2035
By 2030, the share of renewable energy in the electricity mix should double to 55-60%, and projections show a share of around 84% by 2050. The remaining gap should be covered by other low-carbon options
Producers of starting, lighting and ignition batteries, industrial batteries and electric vehicle batteries or, where appointed in accordance with Article 57(1), producer responsibility organisations, shall take back, free of charge and without an obligation on the end- user to buy a new battery, nor to have bought the battery from them, and shall ensure that all waste SLI batteries, waste industrial batteries and waste electric vehicle batteries regardless of their nature, chemical composition, condition, brand, or origin of the respective category that they have made available on the market for the first time in the territory of that Member State are collected separately.
Producers of portable batteries or, where appointed in accordance with Article 57(1), producer responsibility organisations, shall attain, and maintain durably, at least the following collection targets for waste portable batteries:
- 45% by 31 December 2023
- 63% by 31 December 2027
- 73% by 31 December 2030
Producers of LMT batteries or, where appointed in accordance with Article 57(1), producer responsibility organisations, shall attain, and maintain durably, at least the following collection targets of waste LMT batteries:
- 51% by 31 December 2028
- 61% by 31 December 2031
For industrial batteries with a capacity greater than 2kWh, except those with exclusively external storage, electric vehicle batteries and SLI batteries that contain cobalt, lead, lithium or nickel in active materials, the minimum recycled content percentage for each battery model per year and per manufacturing plant shall be:
From 18 August 2031, 16% cobalt; 85% lead; 6% lithium; and 6% nickel;
From 18 August 2036, 26% cobalt; 85% lead; 12% lithium; and 15% nickel.
Any natural or legal person that places on the market products incorporating portable batteries shall ensure that those batteries are readily removable and replaceable by the end-user at any time during the lifetime of the product. That obligation shall only apply to entire batteries and not to individual cells or other parts included in such batteries.
Recycling shall achieve at least the following targets for recycling efficiency:
No later than 31 December 2025
- 75% by average weight of lead-acid batteries
- 80% by average weight of nickel-cadmium batteries
- 50% by average weight of other waste batteries
No later than 31 December 2030
- 80% by average weight of lead-acid batteries
Recycling shall achieve at least the following targets for recycling efficiency:
No later than 31 December 2025, 65% by average weight of lithium-based batteries;
No later than 31 December 2030, 70% by average weight of lithium-based batteries.
All recycling shall achieve at least the following targets for recovery of materials:
No later than 31 December 2027, 90% for cobalt, copper, lead, nickel;
No later than 31 December 2031, 95% for cobalt, copper, lead, nickel;
All recycling shall achieve at least the following targets for recovery of materials, 50% for lithium, no later than 31 December 2027; and 80% for lithium no later than 31 December 2031.
By 2030, Union extraction capacity should be able of extracting the ores, minerals or concentrates needed to produce at least 10% of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials, to the extent possible in light of the Union’s reserves.
By 2030, Union processing capacity, including for all intermediate processing steps, should be able of producing at least 40% of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials.
By 2030, Union recycling capacity, including for all intermediate recycling steps, should be able of producing at least 25% of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials and should be able of recycling significantly increasing amounts of each strategic raw material from waste.
By 2030, manufacturing capacity in the Union of the strategic net-zero technologies listed in the Annex approaches or reaches a benchmark of at least 40% of the Union’s annual deployment needs.
Member States shall take measures to achieve a sustained reduction in the consumption of lightweight plastic carrier bags on their territory. A sustained reduction is achieved if the annual consumption does not exceed 40 lightweight plastic carrier bags per person, or the equivalent target in weight, by 31 December 2025, and subsequently by 31 December in each year thereafter.
The plastic part in packaging shall contain the following minimum percentage of recycled content recovered from post-consumer plastic waste, per unit of packaging:
From 1 January 2030
i. 30% for contact sensitive packaging made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as major component;
ii. 10% for contact sensitive made from plastic materials other than PET, except single use plastic bottles;
iii. 30% for single use plastic beverage bottles;
iv. 35% for other plastic packaging
From 1 January 2040
v. 50% for contact sensitive plastic packaging, except single use plastic beverage bottles;
vi. 65% for single use plastic beverage bottles;
vii. 65% for other plastic packaging
Each vehicle belonging to a vehicle type that is type-approved as of [the first day of the month following 72 months after the date of entry into force of this Regulation] under Regulation (EU) 2018/858 shall be constructed so that it is:
(a) reusable or recyclable to a minimum of 85% by mass;
(b) reusable or recoverable to a minimum of 95% by mass.
The plastic contained in each vehicle type that is type-approved as of [the first day of the month following 72 months after the date of entry into force of the Regulation] under Regulation (EU) 2018/858 shall contain a minimum of 25% of plastic recycled by weight from post-consumer plastic waste
At least 20% of the carbon used in the chemical and plastic products should be from sustainable non-fossil sources by 2030, in full consideration of the EU's biodiversity and circular economy objectives and of the upcoming policy framework for bio-based, biodegradable and compostable plastics
By 31 December 2030, in each safe and secure parking area at least four publicly accessible recharging stations dedicated to heavy-duty electric vehicles with an individual power output of at least 100 kW are deployed
By 31 December 2030, in each urban node publicly accessible recharging points dedicated to heavy-duty electric vehicles with an aggregated power output of at least 1 800 kW are deployed, provided by recharging stations with an individual power output of at least 150 kW
Member States shall ensure that, at all airports of the TEN-T core network and TEN-T comprehensive network, the provision of electricity supply to stationary aircraft is ensured by 31 December 2029, at all aircraft remote stands used for commercial air transport operations to embark or disembark passengers or to load or unload goods
Member States shall ensure that a minimum shore-side electricity supply for seagoing container ships and seagoing passenger ships is provided in TEN-T maritime ports. To that end, by 31 December 2029 TEN-T core and comprehensive maritime ports [...] are equipped to provide each year shore-side electricity supply for at least 90% of the total number of port calls of seagoing container ships above 5.000 gross tonnes that are moored at the quayside at the maritime port concerned and 90% of the total number of port calls of seagoing ro-ro passenger ships above 5 000 gross tonnes and seagoing high-speed passenger craft above 5 000 gross tonnes that are moored at the quayside at the maritime port concerned
Member States shall ensure that at least one installation providing shore-side electricity supply to inland waterway vessels is deployed at all TEN-T core inland waterway ports by 1 January 2025; at least one installation providing shore-side electricity supply to inland waterway vessels is deployed at all TEN-T comprehensive inland waterway ports by 1 January 2030.
Digitalisation and knowledge transfer. Ensure access to fast broadband to all farmers and all rural areas to achieve the objective of 100% access by 2025
Terrestrial ecosystems
Member States shall put in place restoration measures to jointly cover, as a Union target, throughout the areas and ecosystems [...] defined in Art. 2, by 2030, at least 20% of land areas in need of restoration and, by 2050, all ecosystems in need of restoration
Marine ecosystems
Member States shall put in place restoration measures to jointly cover, as a Union target, throughout the areas and ecosystems [...] defined in Art. 2, by 2030, at least 20% of land areas by 2030 and all ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050
Terrestrial, coastal and freshwater ecosystems
MSs shall put in place the restoration measures [...] to improve to good condition areas of habitat types listed in Annex I which are not in good condition. Such measures shall be in place: (a) on at least 30% by 2030 of the total area of all habitat types listed in Annex I that is not in good condition [...], and (b) on at least 60% by 2040 and on at least 90% by 2050
Terrestrial, coastal and freshwater ecosystems
MSs shall put in place the restoration measures [...] to re-establish the habitat types listed in Annex I in areas not covered by those habitat types with the aim to reach their favourable reference area. Such measures shall be in place on areas representing at least 30% of the additional overall surface needed to reach the total favourable reference area of each group of habitat types listed in Annex I [...] by 2030, at least 60% by 2040, and 100% by 2050.
Marine, ecosystems
MSs shall put in place the restoration measures for the terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats of the species listed in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and of the terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats of wild birds covered by Directive 2009/147/EC [...] to improve the quality and quantity of those habitats, including by re-establishing them, and to enhance connectivity, until sufficient quality and quantity of those habitats is achieved.
Member States shall achieve thereafter an increasing trend in the total national area of urban green space, including through integration of urban green space into buildings and infrastructure, in urban ecosystem areas, determined in accordance with Article 11(2b), measured every six years after 31 December 2030, until a satisfactory level identified in accordance with Article 11(3) is reached
Member States shall achieve, in each urban ecosystem area, determined in accordance with Article 11(2b), an increasing trend of urban tree canopy cover, measured every six years after 31 December 2030, until the satisfactory level identified in accordance with Article 11(3) is reached
Member States shall, by putting in place appropriate and effective measures, improve pollinator diversity and reverse the decline of pollinator populations at the latest by 2030 and achieve thereafter an increasing trend of pollinator populations, following the entry into force of the Regulation and measured every six years after 2030, until satisfactory levels are achieved, as set out in accordance with Article 11(3)
Member States shall achieve an increasing trend at national level of at least six out of seven of the following indicators in forest ecosystems, as further set out in Annex VI, chosen on the basis of their ability to demonstrate the enhancement of biodiversity of forest ecosystems within the Member State concerned. The trend shall be measured in the period from the date of entry into force of this Regulation until 31 December 2030, and every six years thereafter, until the satisfactory levels identified in accordance with Article 11(3) are reached: (a) standing deadwood (b) lying deadwood (c) share of forests with uneven-aged structure; (d) forest connectivity; (e) stock of organic carbon; (f) share of forests dominated by native tree species; (g) tree species diversity
Member States shall achieve an increasing trend at national level of the common forest bird index, as further set out in Annex VI, measured in the period from the date of entry into force of this Regulation until 31 December 2030, and every six years thereafter, until the satisfactory levels identified in accordance with Article 11(3) are reached
When identifying and implementing the restoration measures to meet the objectives and obligations set out in Articles 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, Member States shall aim to contribute to the commitment of planting at least three billion additional trees by 2030 at Union level
Member States shall put in place restoration measures which shall aim to ensure that the common farmland bird index at national level based on the species specified in Annex V reaches the following levels: (a) 110 by 2030, 120 by 2040 and 130 by 2050, for Member States listed in Annex V with historically more depleted populations of farmland birds; (b) 105 by 2030, 110 by 2040 and 115 by 2050, for Member States listed in Annex V with historically less depleted populations of farmland birds.
Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to restore organic soils in agricultural use constituting drained peatlands. Those measures shall be in place on at least: (a) 30% of such areas by 2030, of which at least a quarter shall be rewetted; (b) 40% of such areas by 2040, of which at least a third shall be rewetted; (c) 50% of such areas by 2050, of which at least a third shall be rewetted.
In accordance with the CFP, it is crucial to continue and accelerate the work of rebuilding and keeping fish stocks above MSY levels (Maximum Sustainable Yield)
Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that water intended for human consumption is wholesome and clean. For the purposes of the minimum requirements of this Directive, water intended for human consumption shall be wholesome and clean if all the following requirements are met: (a) that water is free from any micro-organisms and parasites and from any substances which, in numbers or concentrations, constitute a potential danger to human health; (b) that water meets the minimum requirements set out in Parts A, B and D of Annex I; (c) Member States have taken all other measures necessary to comply with Articles 5 to 14.
The revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) extend the scope of the 1991 UWWTD to improve and maintain access to sanitation for all, in particular for vulnerable and marginalised, while aligning with the ZPAP and EGD climate and energy objectives.
This will be ensured by a number of new obligations on secondary treatment, now extended to all agglomerations with at least 1 000 population equivalent, by 2035. Member States will ensure the application of:
– Tertiary treatment, for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus (by 2039)
- Quaternary treatment, for the removal of a broad spectrum of micropollutants (by 2045)
These apply to larger plants of 150 000 p.e. (and above, with intermediate targets).
The Industrial Emission Directive (IED) includes aims at preventing or reducing emissions from large industrial installations and large pigs and poultry farms into the environment. The revised IED includes new provisions related to resource, energy and water efficiency and to the reduction of use and emissions of hazardous substances. The scope has been widened to include metal mining, batteries ‘giga-factories’, waste landfills and more pigs and poultry farms. The revised IED contains also a set of measures to facilitate and accelerate the uptake of innovative techniques by industry.
By means of an updated and harmonised list of pollutants affecting surface and groundwater, updated existing quality standards, new monitoring requirements, improved and more accessible data, and a more flexible framework for addressing pollutants of emerging concerns, the proposal aims at setting new high standards for a series of chemical substances of concern to address chemical pollution in water
No debit rule. For the period from 2021 to 2025, each Member State shall ensure that greenhouse gas emissions do not exceed greenhouse gas removals, calculated as the sum of total emissions and total removals on its territory in all the land accounting categories. The accounting benchmark for the EU is ca. -229 MtCO2e/year for 2021-2025
MS specific targets. A [carbon] budget for each Member State for the years 2026-2029, based on a linear trajectory between 2022 (as an average of 2021-2023) and 2030
Member States shall collectively ensure a reduction of energy consumption of at least 11.7% in 2030 compared to the projections of the 2020 EU Reference Scenario so that the Union’s final energy consumption amounts to no more than 763 Mtoe
Member States shall make efforts to collectively contribute to the indicative Union primary energy consumption target amounting to no more than 992.5 Mtoe in 2030
Over this decade, the EU will need to install, on average, approximately 45 GW per year of solar photovoltaic to reach the share of 45% of energy coming from renewables set out in the RePowerEU Plan.
In the first phase, from 2020 up to 2024, the strategic objective is to install at least 6 GW of renewable hydrogen electrolysers in the EU. In the second phase, from 2025 up to 2030, the strategic objective is to install at least 40 GW of renewable hydrogen electrolysers.
Diversify the Union’s imports of strategic raw materials with a view to ensuring that, by 2030, the Union’s annual consumption of each strategic raw material at any relevant stage of processing can rely on imports from several third countries or from overseas countries or territories (OCTs) and that no third country accounts for more than 65% of the Union’s annual consumption of such a strategic raw material.
Each Member State shall reduce the packaging waste generated per capita, as compared to the packaging waste generated per capita in 2018 as reported to the Commission in accordance with Decision 2005/270/EC by 5% by 2030; 10% by 2035; 15% by 2040
Member States shall take the necessary measures to attain the recycling targets of 65% by weight of all packaging waste generated by 31 December 2025; and of 70% by weight of all packaging waste generated by 31 December 2030.
Member States shall take the necessary measures to attain a recycling target of 50% of plastic by weight of plastic contained in packaging waste generated by 31 December 2025; and of 55% by weight of plastic in packaging waste generated by 31 December 2030.
Member States shall take the necessary measures to attain a recycling target of 25% of wood by weight of wood contained in packaging waste generated by 31 December 2025 and of 30% by 31 December 2030
Member States shall take the necessary measures to attain a recycling target of 70% of ferrous metals by weight of ferrous metals contained in packaging waste generated by 31 December 2025 and of 80% by 31 December 2030
Member States shall take the necessary measures to attain a recycling target of 50% of aluminium by weight of aluminium contained in packaging waste generated by 31 December 2025 and of 60% by 31 December 2030
Member States shall take the necessary measures to attain a recycling target of 70% of glass by weight of glass contained in packaging waste generated by 31 December 2025 and of 75% by 31 December 2030
Member States shall take the necessary measures to attain a recycling target of 75% of paper and cardboard by weight of paper and cardboard contained in packaging waste generated by 31 December 2025 and of 85% by 31 December 2030
(Member States shall take the necessary and appropriate measures to achieve, by 31 December 2030, the following food waste reduction targets at national level): Reduce the generation of food waste in processing and manufacturing by 10% in comparison to the amount generated in 2020
(Member States shall take the necessary and appropriate measures to achieve, by 31 December 2030, the following food waste reduction targets at national level): Reduce the generation of food waste per capita, jointly in retail and other distribution of food, in restaurants and food services and in households, by 30% in comparison to the amount generated in 2020
At least 25% of the target set out in the first subparagraph shall be achieved by including plastics recycled from end-of-life vehicles in the vehicle type concerned.
Member States shall ensure that the following targets are met by the waste management operators:
(a) the reuse and recovery, as calculated together, shall be a minimum of 95%, by average weight per vehicle, excluding batteries, and year;
(b) the reuse and recycling, as calculated together, shall be a minimum of 85%, by average weight per vehicle, excluding batteries, and year.
Member States shall ensure that waste management operators achieve a yearly target for the recycling of plastics of at least 30% of the total weight of plastics contained in the vehicles delivered to the waste management operators.
Member States shall ensure that, by 31 December 2030, publicly accessible hydrogen refuelling stations designed for a minimum cumulative capacity of 1 tonne per day and equipped with at least a 700 bar dispenser are deployed with a maximum distance of 200 km between them along the TEN-T core network
Each Member State shall set an obligation on fuel suppliers to ensure that: (B) the combined share of advanced biofuels and biogas produced from the feedstock listed in Part A of Annex IX and of renewable fuels of non-biological origin in the energy supplied to the transport sector is at least 1% in 2025 and 5.5% in 2030, of which a share of at least 1 percentage point is from renewable fuels of non-biological origin in 2030
The share of biofuels and biogas produced from the feedstock listed in Part B of Annex IX in the energy content of fuels and electricity supplied to the transport sector shall, except in Cyprus and Malta, be limited to 1.7%.
Aviation fuel suppliers shall ensure that Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) made available to aircraft operators at each Union airport will be at least 2% from 2025, 6% from 2030, 20% from 2035, 34% from 2040, 42% from 2045, 70% from 2050.
Of the SAF targets reported above, synthetic aviation fuels should represent a minimum share of 1.2% from 2030, 5% from 2035, 10% from 2034, 15% from 2045, and 35% from 2050.
The yearly quantity of aviation fuel uplifted by a given aircraft operator at a given Union airport shall be at least 90% of the yearly aviation fuel required, to avoid tankering practices which would bring additional emissions from extra weight
Natural connectivity of rivers and natural functions of the related floodplains
Member States shall make an inventory of artificial barriers and remove them to connectivity of surface waters and, taking into account their socio-economic functions, identify the barriers that need to be removed to contribute to the achievement of the restoration targets set out in Article 4 of this Regulation and of the objective of restoring at least 25.000 km of rivers into free-flowing rivers in the Union.
Marine ecosystems
Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to improve to good condition areas of habitat types listed in Annex II which are not in good condition. Such measures shall be in place: (a) on at least 30% by 2030 of the total area of groups 1–6 of habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 12; (b) on at least 60% by 2040 and on at least 90% by 2050 of the area of each of the groups 1–6 of habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 12; (c) on at least two thirds of the percentage, referred to in point (d), by 2040 of the area of group 7 of habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 12 [...]
Marine ecosystem
Member States shall ensure, by 2030 at the latest, that the condition is known for at least 50% of the area distributed over all habitat types listed in groups 1–6 of Annex II. The condition of all areas of groups 1–6 of habitat types listed in Annex II shall be known by 2040. Member States shall also ensure, by 2040 at the latest, that the condition is known for at least 50% of the area distributed over all habitat types listed in group 7 of Annex II. The condition of all areas of group 7 of habitat types listed in Annex II shall be known by 2050.
Member States shall ensure that there is no net loss in the total national area of urban green space, and of urban tree canopy cover in urban ecosystem areas. Member States may exclude from that total national area the urban ecosystem areas in which the share of urban green space in the urban centres and urban clusters exceeds 45% and the share of urban tree canopy cover therein exceeds 10%
The Water Reuse Regulation aims to encourage and facilitate water reuse in the EU by harmonised minimum water quality requirements for the safe reuse of treated urban wastewaters in agricultural irrigation. Further requirements are set for monitoring, permitting, risk management, transparency and permits on production and supply of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation
The Ambient Air Quality Directives set EU air quality standards for 12 air pollutants for Member States to not exceed: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide / nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), ozone, benzene, lead, carbon monoxide, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and benzo(a)pyrene. With the revised Ambient Air Quality Directive, the annual limit value for the main pollutant – fine particulate matter (PM2.5) – is cut by more than half.
Improve water quality by reducing microplastics released into the environment by 30%
(2030 target contributing to the 2050 ambition of a toxic-free environment)
